Pro Tip: You should get pop-up blocker
Stems for English 10A
- ali, allo, alter: Other
- cide, cise: kill, cut down
- cresc, crease, cru: Rise, grow
- fract, frag: Break
- gam: Marriage
- Gastr: stomach
- Greg: Herd, group, crowd
- Medi: half, middle, be between
- omni: all, every
- pon, pos, pound: to place or put/set
- Prim/prime: First
- sist/sta/stit: Stand
- Tort, tors: Twist
- trib: to pay or bestow
- vale, vali, valu: strength, worth, valor
McGraw-Hill networks Notes. Chapters 16-20
CHAPTER 16
Lesson 1: The US enters World War 1
Organizing the Economy
Wartime Agencies (that were created)
Lesson 1: The US enters World War 1
- The Causes of World War 1
- Militarism and Alliances
- In the late 1800’s, alliances began to form in Europe
- Agreement to help each other in case of attack or war
- Formed Alliances
- Triple Alliance(Central Powers)
- Germany, Italy and Austria- Hungary
- Triple Entente(Allied Powers)
- France, Russia, Great Britain and Serbia
- Triple Alliance(Central Powers)
- The Alliances Led to militarism
- When countries build up their armed forces to intimidate and threaten other nations, along with preparing for war
- Examples: Germany vs Great Britain, Russia vs. Austria-Hungary
- In the late 1800’s, alliances began to form in Europe
- Imperialism and Nationalism
- Two types of Nationalism(Devotion to one’s country) led to WW1
- Countries acted on their own national interests add culture
- Didn’t agree with others interest, which usually led to war
- When ethnic minorities fought for independence
- Example: Balkan countries wanted freedom from Austria- Hungary
- Countries acted on their own national interests add culture
- Imperialism caused countries to compete to claim uncolonized parts of the world, especially in Asia and Africa
- Two types of Nationalism(Devotion to one’s country) led to WW1
- An Assassination Brings War
- On June 28, 1914: Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Bosnian nationalist(in Sarajevo, Bosnia)
- He was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary
- The assassin, Gavrilo Prinip (19 years old) felt the Austria-Hungary had no right to rule bosnia
- On July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
- This made Allies on both sides start to mobilize(Prepare for war)
- Aug. 1, 1914: Germany declared war on France and Russia
- Knock out France, then concentrate on Russia
- Aug. 4, 1914: Great Britain declared war on Germany
- Because Germany invaded Belgium on their way to France
- At the end of 1914, the Ottoman Empire(Turkey) and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers
- In the spring of 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers.
- On June 28, 1914: Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Bosnian nationalist(in Sarajevo, Bosnia)
- Militarism and Alliances
- The United States Enters the War
- The Neutrality Debate
- Aug. 4, 1914: Pres. Wilson declared the US as a neutral country
- Most americans opposed the Central Powers
- Over one third of Americans were first- or second- generation immigrants(population was 92 million)
- Most still identified with the homeland
- Propaganda shaped the way many americans perceived the war
- Example: Britain cut the transatlantic cable connecting Germany and the US, all news of the war came through London
- US banks and businesses dealt with both sides
- Over one third of Americans were first- or second- generation immigrants(population was 92 million)
- Moving Toward War
- until March 1916, there was Unrestricted Sub-Warfare
- May 7, 1915: Germany sank a British passenger ship called the Lusitania
- Close to 1,200 passengers died, including 128 Americans
- Germany suspected weapons were being transported and they were correct.
- Pres. Wilson wrote a letter to Germany and they agreed not to sink passenger ships, as long as they were allowed to search and seize
- March 24, 1916 to Feb. 1917, there was Restricted Sub-Warfare
- made it safer for passengers and crews; then sink
- After Feb. 1917, Unrestricted Sub-Warfare was reestablished
- The United States Declares War
- Pres. Wilson was reelected in 1916 using the slogan,*He kept us out of the war*
- In Jan 1917, the British intercepted the Zimmerman Note
- A message from Germany to Mexico; to join forces
- Germany would give them land back after the war(Texas, New Mexico, Arizona)
- This brought the U.S. Closer to war, on Britians side
- Between Feb. 3 and March 21(1917), Germany sank 6 U.S. ships
- April 2,1917: Wilson asked Congress to declare war on germany
- April 6, 1917: War was declared on Germany
- The Neutrality Debate
Organizing the Economy
Wartime Agencies (that were created)
- the government asked industries to convert to produce war goods
- new agencies:
- War Industries Board
- Distributed raw materials, told manufacturers what and how much to produce, and even fixed prices
- the Food Administration (ran by Herbert Hoover)
- responsible for increasing food production and reducing civilian consumption
- encouraged growing victory gardens, also meatless days
- the Fuel Administration
- responsible to conserve energy; use of coal and oil
- introduced daylight savings, also heatless days
- War Industries Board
- the U.S. financed the war through:
- Taxes (raising income taxes, corporate taxes)
- Liberty bonds
- Raised over $20 billion
- you could later cash them in and earn some interest
- paid for about 1/4 of the cost of the war for the U.S.
- in April 1918, the National War Labor Board was created
- settled labor disputes that might hinder the war effort
- suggested standard wages, hours, and working conditions in the war industries
- allowed unions to organize; between 1917 and 1919, union membership increased by over one million
- Women Began replacing the men who went to war
- 9 million women were in the workforce
- Proved women were capable of doing the Job of men
- After the war, most women quit or went back to former jobs
- Minorities were recruited as workers
- The Great Migration Took place
- When nearly 500,000 African Americans migrated to the North looking for better jobs and a better life
- Changed the racial and political make up of major Northern cities
- Between 1917 and 1920, over 100,000 Mexicans migrated to the US
- Lived in barrios, due to discrimination and hostility
- Spanish speaking neighborhood
- The Great Migration Took place
- Shaping Public Opinion
- The government did many different things to gain support for the war
- The committee on Public INformation wsa created to encourage support
- The Supreme Court Limits Free Speech
- Legislation Passed to limit opposition to the war:
- Espionage Act of 1917
- Made it illegal to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war effort
- Sedition Act of 1918
- Made it illegal to speak against the war publicly
- Espionage Act of 1917
- Over 2,000 people were convicted under these two laws
- Volunteers and conscripts
- the armed forces and National Guard had more than 200,000 soldiers(1917)
- In May 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act
- Authorized a Draft of young men for military service(conscription)
- ages 21 to 30; later extended to 18 to 45
- 3 million men were drafted; wide acceptance to the draft
- Around 2 million men volunteered
- African Americans saw little equality and were separated from white troops
- close to 400,000 blacks were drafted only about 42,000 served as combat troops
- navy and army gave blacks minor jobs or manual labor
- marines did not accept blacks
- kept blood separate
- Others who served:
- Around 12,000 Native Americans
- About 20,000 Puerto Ricans
- Thousands of Mexican Americans
- Some Asian immigrants, before they were US citizens
- Women Join the Military
- First war women officially served in the armed forces
- IN 1917, the navy started enlisting women; rank of Yeoman
- Most did clerical work
- The army refused to enlist women(hired women as temporary employees)
- The Army Nurse Corps was the only way women could serve
- Over 20,000 Nurses served; more than 10,000 overseas
- The battle of the Argonne Forest
- the allies started a counterattack after gaining momentum
- Germany’s 1st major offensive was in Sept. 1918, at the Argonne Forest(France)
- Over 1 million US troops participated
- This sent the Germans into retreat
- The War Ends
- In Oct. 1918: Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia were created
- on Nov. 11, 1918: A ceasefire(Armistice) was announced
- the war was over; unconditional surrender
- Intro: the postwar Conference
- 27 counties participated, including the Big Four
- The Big Four included: USA, Great Britain, France, and italy
- Some countries wanted to divide and humiliate Germany, especially France
- Germany and Russia were not invited.
- The Fourteen Points
- Wilson’s Fourteen Points were his vision for world peace
- Wanted to end alliances throughout the world
- free trade between countries(No tariffs)
- Arms Reduction
- freedom of the seas
- Open diplomacy(open treaties)
- allow countries national self-determination
- power to make decisions about one’s own future
- Establishment of the league of Nations
- *WAS NOT COMPLETELY ACCEPTED BY MANY LEADERS*
- Wilson’s Fourteen Points were his vision for world peace
- Stipulations of the peace treaty:
- Alsace and Lorraine - Were returned to France
- Saar region(industrial: Iron ore and coal)-Given to France for 15 years
- the Rhineland(a buffer zone) between France and Germany
- reduce Germany’s army and navy
- Germany pays reparations to the Allied countries($33billion)
- German colonies were mandated(controlled by the league of Nations)
- *Italy got less territory than expected(left bitter)
- Opposition in Congress
- Irreconcilables- Voted no for the League of Nations
- Afraid it would weaken America’s Independence
- Reservationists- Approved the treaty, but wanted it modified
- *Both groups were afraid the League could commit the US to warfare without Congressional approval
- Irreconcilables- Voted no for the League of Nations
- Wilson tours the country
- Wilson went to the people to explain the treaty
- Sept. 1919, he started an 8,000 mile speaking tour by train
- 36 speeches in 23 days
- Late in Sept. he suffered a stroke
- Bedridden, but refused to back down
- Wilson went to the people to explain the treaty
- World War 1: A Turning Point
- Results of the war:
- Destroyed the German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires
- Weakened Britain and France
- National self-determination inspired European colonies to work for independence
- A communist revolution started in Russia
- Results of the war:
- An Economy in Turmoil
- Inflation Leads to Strikes
- Gov’t. Removed the controls on the economy
- Businesses raised prices
- The cost of living rose due to inflation
- the cost of buying goods and services essential for survival
- Factories laid off workers
- Soldiers had difficulty finding jobs
- By the end of 1919, over 3,600 strikes took place(4 million workers)
- wanted higher wages
- Major strikes:
- The seattle General Strike
- SHipyard workers wanted higher wages and less hours
- A General Strike of over 60,000 people paralyzed the city for 5 days
- No gains; scared Americans due to it being a communist tactic
- The Boston Police Strike(1919)
- 75% of the police force walked off the job
- Gov. Calvin Coolidge sent in the National Guard
- All the strikers were fired
- The steel strike
- 350,000 steelworkers wanted higher wages, less hours and recognition of the union
- US Steel refused to talk; blamed the strike on foreign radicals
- many riots broke out between company guards and strikers
- Gary, Indiana:18 strikers dead
- Damaged the reputation of the unions
- The seattle General Strike
- Racial Unrest
- The postwar economic problems created frustration and racism which produced violence
- many blamed blacks for taking their jobs
- In the summer of 1919, 25 race riots broke out across the US(“Red summer”)
- The worst incident occurred in Chicago(July, 1919)
- Blacks went to a “whites only” beach
- A Black boy(17 years old) Floated into a “White only” area in Lake Michigan
- Whites threw rocks and the boy drowned
- riots broke out for almost 2 weeks
- 38 dead(23 blacks 15 whites), 537 wounded and over 1000 blacks became homeless
- the National Guard was sent in to bring peace
- African Americans organized and fought back for equality
- membership to the NAACP greatly increased after the war
- pushed for a federal law against lynching blacks
- The postwar economic problems created frustration and racism which produced violence
- Inflation Leads to Strikes
- The Red Scare
- Intro
- many americans blamed socialist and communist for the labor unrest and violence
- Many blamed the strikes on the Communist, or “reds”
- The Palmer Raids
- In 1919, there were acts of terrorism throughout the US
- In April, over 30 mailings containing bombs were intercepted
- In June, 8 bombs in 8 cities exploded within minutes of each other
- One bomb damaged US attorney General A Mitchell Palmer’s home
- A Mitchell Palmer directed a program to arrest subversives
- those who try to overthrow a government
- Staged raids to find, arrest and get rid of communists, socialists, and anarchists(mainly foreign born)
- Jailed thousands of people
- Jan 2, 1920: Arrested almost 6,000 people in 33 cities
- Over 500 immigrants were deported and none had committed any crimes
- took civil liberties away
- no search warrants and due process was denied
- Still lead to the issue of immigration limits
- In 1919, there were acts of terrorism throughout the US
- The Election of 1920
- Intro
Chapter 17- The Jazz Age (pg 468-491)
Lesson 1: The Politics of the 1920’s
Lesson 1: The Politics of the 1920’s
- The Harding Administration
- Intro: Harding's Background
- In 1898, elected to the Ohio General Assembly
- In 1903, Elected lieutenant governor(Ohio)
- In 1914, became a US senator
- In 1920, elected the President of the US
- Teapot Dome and Other Scandals
- Harding made some good appointments to his Cabinet, but he also appointed some friends who were dishonest and incompetent who would scar his reputation
- Acts that scarred Harding's reputation:
- Colonel Charles Forbes sold scarce medical supplies from veteran’s hospitals and kept the money
- he cost the public about $250 million
- Teapot Dome Scandal (Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California)
- Federal oil fields were illegally used by private companies
- Albert Fall (sec. of the Interior) Illegally leased the land to friends for $300,000
- Fall was the first Cabinet member to go to prison
- Colonel Charles Forbes sold scarce medical supplies from veteran’s hospitals and kept the money
- These acts and others made Americans not trust the federal gov’t. and political leaders
- Harding died of heart, problems on August 2, 1923
- The scandals weren’t public until after his death
- *others in his administration were accused of wrongdoings and two of them committed suicide*
- “Silent Cal” Takes Over
- Calvin Coolidge became President after Harding’s death and was reelected in 1924
- Coolidge felt the Gov’t. should have minimal influence on business and industry
- Intro: Harding's Background
- Policies of Prosperity
- Andrew Mellon(Sec. of the Treasury) introduced a way to fix the nation’s economy, called supply-side economics
- A theory that lower taxes will improve the economy as businesses and people invest their money, which will create higher tax revenues
- The tax rate for most Americans went from 4% to 0.5%; the wealthy went from 73% to 25%
- The federal budget dropped from $6.4 billion to under $3billion
- Herbert Hoover(sec. of Commerce) introduced Cooperative Individualism
- Encourages businesses to form trade associations that would voluntarily share information with the federal gov’t, to stimulate the economy
- A theory that lower taxes will improve the economy as businesses and people invest their money, which will create higher tax revenues
- Andrew Mellon(Sec. of the Treasury) introduced a way to fix the nation’s economy, called supply-side economics
- Trade and Arms Control
- The myth of Isolationism
- many felt the US should practice isolationism
- A policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs
- Although, the US was to powerful and economically invested in other countries
- After the war, the US borrowed over 10$ to their allies
- many felt the US should practice isolationism
- The Dawes Plan(1924)
- Reorganized Germany’s payment for their war debts
- Germany couldn’t repay, their war debt(inflation)
- Reorganized Germany’s payment for their war debts
- The Washington Conference (Nov. 1921)
- Ninde countries discussed a disarmament
- a program where nations of the world would voluntarily limit their weaponry
- Reduced the size of navies(5:5:3 ratio)
- US and Great Britain 500,000 tons of shops; Japan= 300,000 tons; France and Italy= 167,000 tons
- this upset the Japanese
- Ninde countries discussed a disarmament
- The Kellogg- Briand Pact (1928)
- Treaty to outlaw war that was drawn up by the US and France; settle disputes through peaceful means
- 15 countries signed the treaty, eventually more that 60 would sign
- It had good intentions, but there were no ways to enforce any punishment for future attackers
- The london naval treaties (1935)
- Designed to extend the Washington Conference, Which was in effect
- designed to extend the washington Conference, which was in effect until 1936
- The US great britain, and France resigned the Treaty, Japan Italy did not
- Designed to extend the Washington Conference, Which was in effect
- The myth of Isolationism
- The Rise of New Industries
- Ford, the Assembly Line, and the Model T
- During the 1920’s, over 15 million cars were made
- Between 1892 and 1920, about 8 million cars were made
- Henry Ford and the Model T
- In 1896, Ford Finished his first version of a car, called the “quadricycle”
- In 1908, Ford sold 30,000 Model T cars
- Ford’s Assembly Line
- Ford’s goal was to produce so many cars that ordinary people could afford them
- Ford modified the assembly line to help his goal
- a manufacturing process in which each worker does one specialized task in building the final product
- In a 9 hour day, a person would do the same task 1,620 times
- It sped up car making, reduced costs, and the savings were passed on to the customer
- In 1912, it took 14 hours to build a car; by 1925, a new car came off the line every 10 seconds
- the cost of cars were: 1910= about 900$, 1914 about 490$, and 1915= 390$
- Ford introduced the 5$ work day, it was normally 2$ a day
- To qualify workers had to:
- Learn English
- Reason: Clear communication on the assembly line
- Quit gambling and drinking
- Reason: wanted workers to afford his cars
- Stop immoral behaviors
- Reason: didn’t want any distractions to bother productivity
- Learn English
- *In 2 years, 3/4 of his workers were earning 5$ a day*
- To qualify workers had to:
- Ford’s vertical consolation also helped him turn a profit
- controlling the businesses that make up phases of a product's development
- During the 1920’s, over 15 million cars were made
- Consumer Products
- Many new products were made available
- Electric razors, frozen foods, deodorants, cosmetics, etc.
- New appliances were introduced
- electric irons, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.
- Many new products were made available
- Birth of the Airline Industry
- In 1903, the Wright brothers had their first successful flight
- In 1918, the first airmail service was introduced(US post office)
- In 1927, Charles LindBergh made the first solo transatlantic flight
- Spirit of St. Louis from N.Y. to Paris; won $25,000
- By 1928, 48 airlines served 355 U.S. cities
- The Radio Industry
- In 1920, Frank Conrad experimented with sending messages over the radio, out of his garage
- Lead to the first radio station KDKA out of Pittsburgh
- Major networks emerged; NBC(1926) and CBS(1928)
- By 1927, there were almost 700 stations
- During the 1920’s, the households having radios rose from 20,000 to 13,750,000
- Ford, the Assembly Line, and the Model T
- The Consumer Society
- Easy Consumer Credit
- the U.S. had developed a consumer economy where the economy depends on a large amount of buying by consumers
- During the 1920’s consumers started to buy on installment plans
- This encouraged people to buy things they otherwise would not have bought
- Mass advertising
- Businesses used emotions and celebrities to sell their products
- billboards on the sides of roads became popular
- The managerial Revolution
- Companies began to split into managerial divisions
- This helped expanded the middle class
- Uneven Prosperity
- Although most americans lives improved during the 1920’s there were some groups still suffering
- african americans
- Native americans (isolated of Reservations)
- Immigrants (many unskilled workers)
- Farmers
- Although most americans lives improved during the 1920’s there were some groups still suffering
- Easy Consumer Credit
- The farm crisis
- On average they earned less than 1/3 of the income of other workers
- farmers were producing more but less demand drove prices down
- After WW1 U.S. and European demand decreased
- In 1922 the fordney- Mccumber Tariff raised the rates on a number of imports
- - Wanted to discourage imports so their was less competition with american goods
- Nativism and Immigration Policies
- Introduction: Nativism
- After WWI, nativism grew in America
- A movement favoring native-born Americans over immigrants(hostility)
- Nativism grew due to patriotism, religion, urban conditions, jobs and the Red Scare
- Many blamed immigrants for the violence and recession
- After WWI, nativism grew in America
- The Sacco-Vanzetti Case (1920: Massachusetts)
- The were Italian immigrants and know anarchists
- In 1921, they were found guilty of robbery and double murder
- paymaster and guard
- very little evidence and both had clean records
- both had guns when arrested
- Racial prejudice played a role, primarily by the judge(racial slurs)
- In 1927, they were both electrocuted
- In 1961, it was proven that Sacco’s gun had been used but no proof he fired it
- in 1977, both names were cleared due to them not receiving a fair trial
- Return of the Klu Klux Klan (kkk)
- a white supremacist group who only accepted white, Protestant Americans
- didn’t like blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others
- between 1922 to 1924, membership began to decline after a leader was sentenced to life imprisonment for assaulting a girl
- she later poisoned herself
- a white supremacist group who only accepted white, Protestant Americans
- National origins Act
- in 1921, limited immigration from Europe
- quota allowed 3% of the us population(350000)
- In 1924, passed the National Origins Act
- Limited immigration from Europe and excluded Asians
- quota allowed 2% of each national group in the 1890 census; meaning low numbers of Catholics and Jews
- in 1921, limited immigration from Europe
- Increasing Mexican Immigration
- the National Origins Act did not include the Western Hemisphere
- by the end of 1920’s, almost 700,000 Mexicans migrated to the US
- cheap labor
- Introduction: Nativism
- A Clash of Cultures
- Changes for Women
- many women had a desire to break away from the traditional roles of women
- a small percentage of women became flappers
- a new type of woman: young, rebellious, fun loving and bold
- women’s appearance changed: they used less fabric in their outfits, they “bobbed” their hair, wore cloches(close fitting hats) and started wearing make-up
- Women began to drink and smoke in public
- during the 1920’s and 30’s, the use of birth control increased
- women knowledge and education grew
- Religious Fundamentalism(the Scopes Trial)
- In 1925, first trial broadcasted over American radio(Dayton, Tenn.)
- Butler Act(1925)-”Any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible” cannot be taught
- John Scopes and the American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU) challenged the law
- match between two great lawyers
- Clarence Darrow(defendant)- Urban liberal, volunteered
- Wm Jennings Bryan(Prosecutor)- Fundamentalist; 3 time presidential candidate
- Darrow put Bryan on the stand and had him admit the Bible cannot be read literally
- Results: Scops found guilty and fined 100$
- Supreme Court found him innocent(too excessive of a fine)
- The Butler Act remained a law
- Prohibition
- In 1919, the Volstead Act was passed to help enforce the 18th Amendment(widely ignored)
- Bootleggers were suppliers of illegal alcohol
- some made the liquor, others smuggled it in from the Caribbean and Canada
- They sold some of their alcohol to owners of speakeasies(illegal bar)
- restricted entry, needed a membership card to get in
- Gangsters(organized crime) controlled the distribution of alcohol, especially in major cities
- competition was eliminated
- other illegal activities included: Gambling, Prostitution and racketeering(paying off gov’t. officials or making businesses pay for *Protection*)
- The most famous gangster was Al capone(Chicago)
- he had influence in almost every neighborhood, police station, and Gov’t. office.
- Financed by his yearly income of $60 million from bootlegging
- J Edgar Hoover(FBI) dedicated himself to stop organized crime
- The Untouchables
- In 1931, Capone was jailed for tax evasion
- In 1933, the 21st Amendment was passed, it repealed the 18th Amendment
- Changes for Women
- Art and Literature
- Modern American Art
- Attempted to express the individual, modern experience
- Artists included:
- Edward Hopper- showed the nation’s rougher side
- Georgia O’keeffe- Painted landscapes, flowers, and natural objects
- Artwork portray inner feelings rather than people’s emotions or relationship to the outside world(expressionism)
- Poets and Writers
- Literature had both positive and negative impacts on people and society
- Positive: Made people think how modern life was changing things
- Negative: Expressed there was little purpose to life and no reason to try and achieve anything
- Some popular writers
- Sinclair Lewis(muckraker novelist)
- Made fun of small town life in Main Street
- Eugene O'Neill (playwright)
- Wrote about the common everyday tragedies of the American lifestyle
- Sinclair Lewis(muckraker novelist)
- A group of writers the Lost Generation, Believed they lived in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values
- Included: Ernest Hemingway - The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms
- F SCott Fitzgerald - Wrote The Great Gatsby
- e.e. cummings - Poet
- Literature had both positive and negative impacts on people and society
- Modern American Art
- Popular Culture
- Movies and Radio Shows
- The mass media entertained and helped unify the country
- print, films, and broadcast methods of communicating information to large numbers of people
- Movies became the 4th largest business in the country
- By 1929 nearly 80 million people were going to the movies each week
- The US population was under 125 million
- In 1927, the first film with sound was introduced;”talkies”
- Titled The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson
- Other movie stars: Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino, Mary Pickford, and Greta Garbo
- By 1929 nearly 80 million people were going to the movies each week
- The radio offered entertainment from music to comedy
- composers like Irving Berlin wrote “White Christmas” and “Puttin’ on the Ritz”
- There were comedies such as Amos n’ Andy
- Portrayed the problems of two African American characters
- The mass media entertained and helped unify the country
- Sports (Sport Heroes)
- George Herman “Babe” Ruth (Baseball)
- set many records in hitting, pitching and fielding
- Jack Dempsey (heavyweight boxer)
- was world heavyweight champion from 1919 to 1926
- Reo Grange “The Galloping Ghost” (football)
- Bill Tilden and Helen Wills (tennis)
- Gertrude Ederle(swimmer)
- In 1924, won a gold and 2 bronze medals in the Olympics
- In 1926, First woman to swim the English Channel (35 miles)
- Jim Thorpe (football player)
- won Olympic gold medals in the decathlon and pentathlon
- Played professional football
- first president of what later became the NFL
- Bobby Jones (Golfer)
- With people having more leisure time and cars, they were able to enjoy more recreational activities
- Golf, swimming, tennis, etc...
Lesson 5: African American Culture and Politics - The Harlem Renaissance (an african american literary awakening of the 1920’s)
- The writers
- Harlem became the cultural center for African Americans
- Literature encouraged a sense of pride, defiance, and confidence in African Americans
- The negative impact was that it encouraged blacks to separate themselves from the rest of society
- Most popular writers:
- Claude McKay(poet)- Showed defiance towards racism
- Langston Hughes(writer)- Wrote about being a black woman
- Alain Locke- Wrote The New Negroe
- Jazz, Blues, and the theatre
- Jazz music was a mix between ragtime and Dixieland
- By 1929, 2/3 of air time on the radie was devoted to jazz
- Harlem, in New York City, was one of the most popular places to perform
- 500 Jazz Clubs
- Jazz Clubs and dance halls were where people went to ejoy jazz musicians
- Top Jazz performers:
- Duke Ellington
- Played piano and was a composer, arranger, and leader
- Born in 1899 he played until he died in 1924
- got his start at the Cotton Club, which only served white customers
- Louis Satchimo Armstrong
- Played the trumpet and sang
- Benny Goodman
- First popular racially mixed jazz group(Quartet)
- Jelly Roll Morton(piano)
- Duke Ellington
- Reactions to jazz music:
- Reduced racism due to mutual appreciation of the music
- Some felt it contributed to immoral behaviors and threatened traditional values
- Many Europeans were fascinated with the American culture
- Blues music became popular:
- A soulful style of music that evolved from African American spirituals
- People often danced the Charleston when listening to jazz
- George Gershwin blended jazz and symphony
- The writers
- African Americans
- Growing Political Power in the North
- As the black population grew in the North, so did their voting power
- in 1928, Oscar DePriest was the first elected representative in Congress from the North(Chicago, Ill)
- The NAACP Battles Injustice
- The NAACP used lobbying public officials and using the court system to battle discrimination and segregation
- In 1922, the NAACP tried to push and antilynching bill
- the House of Representatives passed the bill: the senate rejected it
- In 1929, lynchings of Blacks declined to 10 per year
- In 1930, the NAACP joined with labor unions to stop the nomination of a Supreme Court Justice
- Shoed African Americans had become a powerful political force
- African Americans had limited success with their right to vote
- Black nationalism and Marcus Garvey
- some african americans encouraged black nationalism and black pride
- others wanted to be separate from the white society
- Marcus Garvey came to America in 1916, from Jamaica
- he started the Universal Negro Improvement Association(UNIA)
- Promoted Black Pride and unity
- Believed blacks could improve their economic and political power through education
- he believed in a “Back to Africa” movement
- Garvey’s Goal: Establish a country and government all their own
- he started the Universal Negro Improvement Association(UNIA)
- The FBI viewed UNIA as a group that could start an AFrican American uprising
- In 1923, Garvey was jailed on mail fraud
- Before the movement could start
- In 1927, Pres. Coolidge deported Garvey Jamaica
- due to his immigrant status
- Results of Garvey’s Efforts
- created a sense of pride in millions of African Americans
- Inspired hope for the future
- Played an important role in the 1960’s civil rights movement
- some african americans encouraged black nationalism and black pride
- Growing Political Power in the North
- ***In 2 years, 3/4 of his workers were earning $5 a day
- Other automakers didn’t like the $5 a day, reasons:
- Conventional practice was low wages and high prices
- Ford got the best workers(Better production)
- Workers could afford his cars: free advertising
CHAPTER 17 STUDY GUIDE
Short answer
Matching Vocab(10)
Matching people(7)
Multiple Choice(18)
Short answers- Henry Ford offered $5 a day to his workers, more than twice the average wage
- What did the workers have to do to qualify for $5 a day?
- Learn English
- Reason: Clear communication on the assembly line
- Quit gambling and drinking
- Reason: wanted workers to afford his cars
- Stop immoral behaviors
- Reason: didn’t want any distractions to bother productivity
- Learn English
- Explain the reactions to the $5 work day and how other auto manufactures felt about it.
- People wanted to work there as it is 2x as much as other manufactures and since people wanted to work their so much Ford was able to “steal” all of the good workers leaving other manufactures with the crappy workers
- What was Ford’s goal when it came to his production of cars?
- Free advertising, make the cars cheap enough for his workers and everyone else to afford them. So mass produce them so they are cheap, and everywhere.
- What did the workers have to do to qualify for $5 a day?
- Matching: Vocabulary
- Bootleggers
- suppliers of illegal alcohol
- Flapper
- a new type of woman: young, rebellious, fun loving and bold
- Harlem Renaissance
- an african american literary awakening of the 1920’s
- Installment plan
- Buy now pay later, A credit system by which payment for merchandise is made in installments over a fixed period of time.
- isolationism
- A policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs
Matching: People- Louis Armstrong
- Played the trumpet and sang
- Wm. Jennings Bryan
- (Prosecutor)- Fundamentalist; 3 time presidential candidate
- ^Scopes trial^
- Al Capone
- he had influence in almost every neighborhood, police station, and Gov’t. office.
- Financed by his yearly income of $60 million from bootlegging
- Clarence Darrow
- (defendant)- Urban liberal, volunteered
- ^Scopes Trial^
- Amelia Earhart
- Amelia Mary Earhart was an American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this record.
- F. Scott Fitzgerald
- Wrote The Great Gatsby
- Langston Hughes
- Wrote about being a black women.
- Al Jolson
- In 1927, the first film with sound was introduced;”talkies”
- Titled The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson
- In 1927, the first film with sound was introduced;”talkies”
- Georgia O’Keeffe
- Painted landscapes, flowers, and natural objects
Multiple Choice- What caused the Red Scare?
- What did the National Origins Act of 1924 enforce?
- What is a consumer economy?
- After World War 1, what caused the labor strikes?
- Increased cost of living, so pay raises.
- In the 1920’s, what were the effects of installment plans on the economy?
- In the 1920’s, what industry helped other industries significantly grow?
- In the 1920’s, why did many African Americans move to the North?
- What did the rise of the mass media mean to society or create?
- What were the long-term effects of Prohibition?
- Why did some states ban the teaching of evolution?
- What did flappers represent?
- That women deserve and should get the same treatment as men, women’s rights.
- In 1925, why did membership to the KKK decline?
- What did the authors of the Lost Generation encourage others to do?
- Believed they lived in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values, So trying to expose others about this greed.
- What was Lindbergh’s airplane called?
- Spirit of St. Louis
- Be familiar with the sports heroes of the 1920’s.
- Those talked about in class(Notes)
- What was the titled of the first “talkie” movie?
- Jazz Singer
- What city was considered the cultural center for African Americans, in the 1920’s?
- What did the Volstead Act do?
- passed to help enforce the 18th Amendment(widely ignored)
- Kellogg-Briano Pact
- Treaty to outlaw war that was drawn up by the US and France; settle disputes through peaceful means
- 15 countries signed the treaty, eventually more that 60 would sign
- It had good intentions, but there were no ways to enforce any punishment for future attackers
- Lost Generation
- A group of writers formed the Lost Generation, Believed they lived in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values
- Included: Ernest Hemingway - The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms
- F Scott Fitzgerald - Wrote The Great Gatsby
- e.e. cummings - Poet
- A group of writers formed the Lost Generation, Believed they lived in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values
- Mass media
- The mass media entertained and helped unify the country
- Nativism
- After WWI, nativism grew in America
- A movement favoring native-born Americans over immigrants(hostility)
- Nativism grew due to patriotism, religion, urban conditions, jobs and the Red Scare
- Many blamed immigrants for the violence and recession
- After WWI, nativism grew in America
- Scopes Trial
- In 1925, first trial broadcasted over American radio(Dayton, Tenn.)
- Butler Act(1925)-”Any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible” cannot be taught
- John Scopes and the American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU) challenged the law
- match between two great lawyers
- Clarence Darrow(defendant)- Urban liberal, volunteered
- W Jennings Bryan(Prosecutor)- Fundamentalist; 3 time presidential candidate
- Darrow put Bryan on the stand and had him admit the Bible cannot be read literally
- Results: Scops found guilty and fined 100$
- Supreme Court found him innocent(too excessive of a fine)
- The Butler Act remained a law
- Speakeasies
- They sold some of their alcohol to owners of speakeasies(illegal bar)
- restricted entry, needed a membership card to get in
- They sold some of their alcohol to owners of speakeasies(illegal bar)
- Teapot Dome
- Teapot Dome Scandal (Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California)
- Federal oil fields were illegally used by private companies
- Albert Fall (sec. of the Interior) Illegally leased the land to friends for $300,000
- Fall was the first Cabinet member to go to prison
- Teapot Dome Scandal (Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California)
- These acts and others made Americans not trust the federal gov’t. and political leaders
- Golf, swimming, tennis, etc...
- George Herman “Babe” Ruth (Baseball)
- Movies and Radio Shows
Chapter 18: The Great Depression Begins
Lesson 1: The Causes of the Great Depression
Lesson 1: The Causes of the Great Depression
- The Long Bull Market
- The Election 1928
- Candidates
- Alfred E. Smith (Democrat)
- Former, New York governor and a Roman Catholic
- Herbert Hoover (republican)
- Secretary of commerce and former head of the Food Administration
- Supported prohibition and received many women’s votes
- won by a landslide(21.4 million to 15 million)
- Alfred E. Smith (Democrat)
- Candidates
- The Stock Market Soars
- Hoover and Americans were optimistic about the future
- During the 1920’s, a Bull Market convinced many Americans to invest in the stock market
- A long period of rising stock prices
- In October 1929, the value of the stock market was 87$ billion, up from $27 billion in 1925.
- People tried to “Get-Rich-Quick” through speculation
- the practice of making high-risk investments in hopes of getting a high gain, in a short amount of time
- Stockbrokers encouraged people to buy on margin
- allow investors to buy a stock for only a fraction of it's price(10%-50%) and borrow the rest
- example: $10,000Stocks - $1,000Speculators money = $9,000 borrowed
- Brokers could make a margin call and charged high interest rates
- Could demand payment at any time.
- The Election 1928
- The Great Crash
- The stock Market Crash
- Many stocks were worth more than their actual value
- on October 21,1929, the value of many stocks started to decrease
- Black Thursday - October 24, 1929
- stock prices dropped even more drastically
- Example: General Electric stock dropped from $400 to $283 a share
- Black Tuesday - October 29, 1929
- the Great Crash, the stock market was lost
- about 4 million investors lost money in the market
- Approximately $30 billion was lost
- Some families lost everything, others who did not invest affected very much
- the stock market crash was not the main cause of the Depression, but it hindered the economy from rebounding
- Banks Begin to Close
- The banks were weakened in two ways:
- The banks had lent billions of dollars to stock speculators
- many banks had invested depositor’s money in the market, hoping for high profits
- Americans went to banks to withdraw their money (Bank run)
- people were worried about the safety of their money
- over 5,500 banks closed (about 1 out of 4 banks)
- the government did not insure bank deposits
- The banks were weakened in two ways:
- The stock Market Crash
- The Roots of the Great Depression
- The uneven distribution of income
- Overproduction was a cause of the great depression
- by the late 1920s, consumers weren’t buying goods as fast as they were being made
- In 1929, the distribution of incomes were extremely uneven
- The top 5% of Americans earned 30% of America’s Income
- 0.1% (24,000 families) held 34% of the nation’s total saving
- 71% of people/families earned under $2,500 a year
- 80% of families had no savings
- Many farmers couldn't pay their debts and most lost their farms and it made about 6,000 banks go out of business
- farmers had to lower prices people not buying as much
- In the 1920’s, there was an increase in personal debt
- People bought things whether or not they had the money(installment plan)
- Other industries(radio, audio, etc...) slowed down production, which greatly affected many other industries
- In 1929 approximately 26,000 businesses failed
- Overproduction was a cause of the great depression
- The Loss of Export Sales
- Bankers were loaning money to speculators rather than foreign countries
- so, they bought US goods
- In 1930, Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot Tariff
- Highest import tax in history
- Tried to protect domestic industries from foreign imports but failed
- Between 1929 and 1932, exports had fallen to less than half the level
- Bankers were loaning money to speculators rather than foreign countries
- Mistakes by the Federal Reserve
- The Federal Reserve Board Kept low interest rates
- Raising the Rates would have slowed the excessive speculation
- The board’s Decision helped cause the Depression in two ways:
- Encouraged banks to make risky loans
- Made business leaders think the economy was still growing
- They borrowed more money to expand production
- Led to overproduction when sales were falling
- When the great depression occurred, the Board raised interest rates
- Which tightened credit; People could not borrow
- The Federal Reserve Board Kept low interest rates
- The uneven distribution of income
- The Depression Worsens
- Struggling to get by
- By 1933, nearly 1/4(25%) of the workforce was unemployed
- Ways people coped to make ends meet
- Breadlines and soup kitchens - Free food
- Lived in “Hoovervilles” or shantytowns
- Where homeless gathered and the families set up temporary housing
- lived in cars, boxes(Piano), orange crates, etc...
- Some became actual cities (10miles x 10miles)
- Many rode the rails looking for work (hoboes)
- Some people voluntarily went to their homeland due to no jobs
- The gov’t started efforts to send poor immigrants back to their homeland
- People of Mexican descent were forced to go back to Mexico(500,000 to 2,000,000)
- More than 50%(One half) were US citizens
- The Dust Bowl
- Between 1931 and 1940, there were dust storms due to the drought and farmers plowing the land(encouraged by the homestead act)
- It reached ships hundreds of miles off the Atlantic coast
- During most of the 1930’s, about 50 dust storms a year
- Many families were forced to sell their farms and move west(California)
- People took everything they could carry
- 440,000 left Oklahoma(Okies) and 300,000 left kansas
- Things weren’t much better, a lot of competition for a few jobs
- After foreclosures farming communities would help each other by bidding low on land and property, called penny auctions
- Between 1931 and 1940, there were dust storms due to the drought and farmers plowing the land(encouraged by the homestead act)
- Struggling to get by
- Arts and Entertainment
- Movies became a popular form of entertainment(60 million a week)
- A quarter bought a double feature (1931) or a trip to the drive-in (1933)
- Examples: Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs (1937), The Wizard of Oz(1939), and Gone with the Wild (1939)
- The Marx Brothers (comedians) became popular (Animal Crackers)
- The radio became a main source of entertainment
- comedy grew with Jack Benny, George Burns and Gracie Allen
- superheroes like the Green Hornet, became popular
- soap operas(The Guiding Light) was a popular form of entertainment for women
- Many great novels were wrote about this time period
- Examples: The Grapes of Wrath(John Steinbeck), The Good Earth, Their eyes Were Watching God
- in 1936, Life magazine was introduced, a photojournalism magazine
- Popular photojournalism
- Dorothea Lange-”Migrant Mother” (1936)
- Margaret Bourke-White- Took Pictures of ironies and contrasts in society
- Popular photojournalism
- Movies became a popular form of entertainment(60 million a week)
- Promoting recovery
- Introduction: Hoover’s Limited Strategy
- hoover was optimistic about the economy of the US
- Hoover blamed the Depression on the world’s economic conditions
- It wasn’t the US economic fault
- Hoover asked business leaders to voluntarily keep wages
- By the end of 1931, businesses started to change their minds
- Americans began to blame hoover and the Republicans
- Lost 49 seats and their majority in the house of representatives
- Trying to Rescue the Bank
- Hoover created programs to try and save the banks, but they came along too late
- examples of programs:
- Hoover wanted to put more money into circulation, but the Federal Reserve Board refused
- the National Credit Corporation allowed troubled banks to lend money in their communities
- Direct Help for Citizens
- Hoover Felt that if the gov’t helped people directly it would damage their solf-respect
- This brought on a negative response; hoover seemed uncaring
- Hoover hoped state and local gov’ts, along with private charities, would help handle the relief.
- But, They did not have enough money
- In 1932, Hoover created the Emergency Relief Act
- Gave loans of up to $300 million to states for direct relief(unemployment) and $1.5 billion for public works
- efforts came too late
- Hoover Felt that if the gov’t helped people directly it would damage their solf-respect
- Introduction: Hoover’s Limited Strategy
- In an Angry Mood
- Hoover marches, and Protests by Farmers
- In Dec. 1932,*Hunger marches* protested in Wash. D.C. to feed the hungry
- Organized by the American Communist Party; 1,200 marchers
- Between 1930 and 1934, nearly 1 million farms were foreclosed
- Farmers began to protest due to the low prices for farm goods by dumping thousands of gallons of milk and destroyed other crops
- In Dec. 1932,*Hunger marches* protested in Wash. D.C. to feed the hungry
- The Bonus Marchers
- WW1 veterans were promised a bonus($1,000) in 1945 for their service in the War
- In 1932, the Bonus Army wanted their money now
- They marched on Washington DC and asked for their money peacefully, but were denied
- Most veterans went home, but about a thousand stayed
- Hoover called in US troops, headed by General MacArthur
- They were forced out with tanks, bayonets, and tear gas
- They did not receive their money
- Hoover did more than any previous president in expanding the role of the gov’t in the economy
- The RFC was the first federal agency to stimulate the economy, during peacetime
- Hoover marches, and Protests by Farmers
Chapter 19: Roosevelt and the New Deal(pg 518-535)
Lesson 1: The First New Deal
Vocabulary
People
Multiple Choice
Lesson 1: The First New Deal
- Roosevelt’s Rise to power
- Franklin D Roosevelt’s (FDR) background:
- Graduated from Harvard University
- Twice elected to the New York State Senate
- was Asst. Secretary of the Navy (under President Wilson)
- In 1921, he came down with polio
- Eleanor kept his name alive in the political arena
- Eleanor kept his name alive in the political arena
- was governor of New York from 1929 to 1932
- created the first state relief agency to help the unemployed
- created the first state relief agency to help the unemployed
- Graduated from Harvard University
- The Election of 1932
- Franklin D. Roosevelt (dem) defeated Pres. Hoover (rep) by a landslide
- The electoral college(vote) was 472 to 59(6 states)
- Main Topic
- The electoral college(vote) was 472 to 59(6 states)
- Main Topic:
- Hoover felt that it was not the gov’ts role to fix the problem of citizens
- FDR believed that problems as large as the depression needed gov’t involvement
- Hoover felt that it was not the gov’ts role to fix the problem of citizens
- Franklin D. Roosevelt (dem) defeated Pres. Hoover (rep) by a landslide
- FDR promised the country a “new deal”
- FDR’s slogan was “Happy Days are here again”
- At his inaugural address he made famous the quote”?the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”
- Franklin D Roosevelt’s (FDR) background:
- The Hundred Days (march through June 1933)
- The New Deal Begins
- Between the election (1932) and FDR’s inauguration, the economy and unemployment continued to get worse
- he first 3 months FDR was in office there was intensive legislation and policy setting
- congress passed 15 major acts to resolve the economic crisis
- congress passed 15 major acts to resolve the economic crisis
- FDR’s new deal became known as his Relief, recovery, and reform program to fight the effects of the Depression
- Between the election (1932) and FDR’s inauguration, the economy and unemployment continued to get worse
- A Divided administration
- FDR chose advisers who would disagree with each other
- he wanted different points of view
- he wanted different points of view
- Three main groups
- Those who believed gov’t and business should work together
- Those who did not trust big business and wanted the gov’t to run key parts of the economy
- those who felt the gov’t should regulate business to keep economic competition fair
- Those who believed gov’t and business should work together
- FDR chose advisers who would disagree with each other
- The New Deal Begins
- Banks and Debt Relief
- On Sundays FDR would hold ‘Fireside Chats’ and talk to the nation
- on march 12, FDR introduced the nation to the Emergency banking Relief Act
- An agency that identified if banks were financially health
- Restored confidence in the banking system; the bank crisis was over
- Took the dollar off of the gold standard for 9 months
- set a new gold standard of $35 an ounce
- set a new gold standard of $35 an ounce
- An agency that identified if banks were financially health
- on march 12, FDR introduced the nation to the Emergency banking Relief Act
- The FDIC and SEC
- Steps taken to save the banks and stock market
- Federal Securities Act (1933)
- companies had to provide info about their finances if they were selling stocks.
- companies had to provide info about their finances if they were selling stocks.
- Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)
- Regulated the stock market
- Regulated the stock market
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) (1933)
- Insured bank deposits up to $5,000; today it is $250,000
- Insured bank deposits up to $5,000; today it is $250,000
- Federal Securities Act (1933)
- Steps taken to save the banks and stock market
- Mortgage and Debt Relief
- Programs to help americans with mortgages so they would not lose their home or farm
- Home Owner’s Loan Corp.(HOLC)
- refinanced mortgages so people could afford their payments
- made over 1 million low-interest loans; helped little
- refinanced mortgages so people could afford their payments
- Farm Credit Administration (FCA)
- Refinanced farmer’s mortgages
- Save millions of farms from foreclosure
- Refinanced farmer’s mortgages
- Home Owner’s Loan Corp.(HOLC)
- Programs to help americans with mortgages so they would not lose their home or farm
- On Sundays FDR would hold ‘Fireside Chats’ and talk to the nation
- Farms and Industry
- Programs to assist farming and manufacturing
- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)(1933)
- Main goal was to raise the price of farm products
- Farmers were paid not to raise certain crops and livestock
- Thousands of tenant farmers lost their jobs and homes; most were Black
- Main goal was to raise the price of farm products
- National Industrial Recovery Act(NIRA)(1933)
- Tried to balance an unstable economy
- encouraged employers to improve working conditions, set maximum hours. Minimum wages, and allow labor unions
- The higher wages created higher prices, defeated the purpose
- Tried to balance an unstable economy
- Both agencies will be ruled unconstitutional, in 1935
- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)(1933)
- Programs to assist farming and manufacturing
- Relief programs
- To lower unemployment, work programs were set up
- The CCC(Civilian Conservation Corps)(1933)
- employed 3 million men in environmental projects
- example: the Shelterbelt, planted over 200 million trees from Texas to N. Dakota
- example: the Shelterbelt, planted over 200 million trees from Texas to N. Dakota
- $30 a month, along with lodging, food and medical care
- $25 was automatically sent home
- $25 was automatically sent home
- employed 3 million men in environmental projects
- Federal emergency Relief Administration (FERA) (1933)
- Distributed $500 million to state and local agencies for relief projects
- Public Works Administration (PWA) (1933)
- Programs to employee people (construction workers) to complete public projects (highway, schools, dams, etc...)
- Programs to employee people (construction workers) to complete public projects (highway, schools, dams, etc...)
- Distributed $500 million to state and local agencies for relief projects
- The CWA (Civilian works Administration) (1933)
- Employed 4 million to build roads, parks, airports, schools and other facilities
- FDR shit the program down the following spring
- didn’t want citizens to rely on the gov’t for jobs
- didn’t want citizens to rely on the gov’t for jobs
- Employed 4 million to build roads, parks, airports, schools and other facilities
- Success of the first new deal
- banks were reopened, more people held on to their homes and farms, and more people were employed
- FDR’s actions gave Americans hope and restored confidence in their country
- banks were reopened, more people held on to their homes and farms, and more people were employed
- To lower unemployment, work programs were set up
- Launching the Second new Deal
- Criticisms from Right and Left
- The political right wing felt the New Deal regulated business to much
- FDR Used ‘deficit spending’ to pay for the programs
- this upset the right wing because of the growing deficit
- this upset the right wing because of the growing deficit
- the political left wing believed FDR needed to go more with the programs
- Other critics:
- Huey Long(Senator from Louisiana)
- He appealed to the working class
- he wanted to confiscate any income over 1 million and inheritance over $5 million, then redistribute where every family is assured a “Homestead allowance” of $5,000 and an annual income of $2,000
- He was assassinated in 1935
- He appealed to the working class
- Father Charles Coughlin(Radio Priest)
- Wanted to inflate the currency and nationalize (gov’t ownership) the banking system.
- He had about 30 million followers
- he was openly racist towards jews and supported the uprising of Hitler and Mussolini
- In 1942, the Roman Catholic Church imposed silence on him
- Wanted to inflate the currency and nationalize (gov’t ownership) the banking system.
- Francis Townsend(physician)
- Believed the gov’t. Should give people over 60 a pension of $200 a month, which had to be spent each month
- They would also have to retire; to free up jobs
- Believed the gov’t. Should give people over 60 a pension of $200 a month, which had to be spent each month
- Huey Long(Senator from Louisiana)
- The political right wing felt the New Deal regulated business to much
- The WPA (Works Progress Administration)(1935)
- Built schools, hospitals, airports(853), bridges(124,000), roads(650,000 miles) and playgrounds(8,000); spent about $11 billion
- in 5 years, employed over 8.5 million people, many were out of work teachers, artists writers and actors
- Built schools, hospitals, airports(853), bridges(124,000), roads(650,000 miles) and playgrounds(8,000); spent about $11 billion
- The Supreme Court's Role
- In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled the NIRA unconstitutional because it gave the president too much power and regulated local commerce
- FDR was afraid the Supreme Court would find the rest of the New Deal programs unconstitutional
- FDR had Congress pass the Second New Deal
- In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled the NIRA unconstitutional because it gave the president too much power and regulated local commerce
- Criticisms from Right and Left
- Reforms for Workers and Senior Citizens
- The Wagner Act (national labor relations act)(1935)
- allowed workers to join labor unions and owners must allow them to form
- In 1935, the Committee for industrial Organization(CIO) was created
- Goal was to organize skilled and unskilled workers
- Goal was to organize skilled and unskilled workers
- Unions were given the power to bargain collectively
- Owners must bargain with certified union representatives.
- Owners must bargain with certified union representatives.
- Some of the protests took the form of sit-down strikes
- stop working and refuse to leave
- stop working and refuse to leave
- sometimes the strikes were successful and some turned violent
- in 1933, there were about 3 million union members; by 1939, there were about 9 million members
- allowed workers to join labor unions and owners must allow them to form
- Social Security
- Social Security Act (1935)
- Assisted the elderly, disabled, orphans, and those injured at work(ranged from $12 to $85)
- The first example of an “Entitlement” program
- A payment from the gov’t. That Americans are entitled to receive
- A payment from the gov’t. That Americans are entitled to receive
- The program is controversial because the gov’t. Has borrowed against the Social Security fund, which means they must borrow money to meet its obligations
- many minorities did not qualify
- Assisted the elderly, disabled, orphans, and those injured at work(ranged from $12 to $85)
- Social Security Act (1935)
- The Wagner Act (national labor relations act)(1935)
- Roosevelt’s Second Term
- The Election of 1936
- FDR(Democrat) vs. Alfred M. Landon(republican)
- FDR won by a landslide
- Electoral vote was 523-8(won Maine and Vermont); Popular vote was over 60%
- Electoral vote was 523-8(won Maine and Vermont); Popular vote was over 60%
- FDR(Democrat) vs. Alfred M. Landon(republican)
- The Court Packing Plan
- Since the Supreme Court Killed some of FDRs proposed agencies, between 1935 and 1937, FDR proposed a major court reform bill
- There were 9 justices and FDR wanted to be able to appoint ip to another 6
- One for every justice over 70 years of age
- One for every justice over 70 years of age
- People knew he was trying to weigh the court in his favor
- He was forced to withdraw the bill
- His attempt damaged his reputation
- Since the Supreme Court Killed some of FDRs proposed agencies, between 1935 and 1937, FDR proposed a major court reform bill
- The Recession of 1937
- The New Deal gave some relief to America for awhile
- In August 1937, the US faced a recession(a period of slow business activity) with increasing unemployment and decreasing industrial production
- FDR started cutting back on programs, because of the growing national debt
- The US had to borrow money because it's revenue did not equal or exceed the expenses
- the national debt when from $21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion in 1940
- The New Deal gave some relief to America for awhile
- The Election of 1936
- The New Deal Ends
- The Last New Deal
- Programs to help some of the less fortunate americans
- National Housing Act
- Designed to provide housing for the poor
- $500 million to help pay for loans to builders willing to build low-cost housing
- National Housing Act
- Farm Security Administration
- Gave loans to tenants so they could purchase farms
- Gave loans to tenants so they could purchase farms
- Fair Labor Standards Act
- outlawed child labor
- set maximum hours at 44 and minimum wage at 25¢
- outlawed child labor
- By 1939, the New Deal era had come to an end
- Due to the recession(1937), Republicans won seats back in Congress in the midterm elections
- Due to the recession(1937), Republicans won seats back in Congress in the midterm elections
- Programs to help some of the less fortunate americans
- The New Deal’s Legacy
- Changed the relationship between the American People and the federal gov’t
- The gov’t became more involved with the country’s economy
- The gov’t became more involved with the country’s economy
- state gov’ts, became more reliant on the federal gov’t, for funding programs to help during economic problems
- It gave Americans a sense of security and stability
- one of the greatest achievements was to give people hope again
- one of the greatest achievements was to give people hope again
- The gov’t works out conflicts between different interests, a broker state
- Public works and federal agencies
- many structure still stand: bridges, dams, buildings, etc...
- Some programs still remain: FDIC, TVA, and crop allotment
- Social Security still assists millions.
- Social Security still assists millions.
- many structure still stand: bridges, dams, buildings, etc...
- Changed the relationship between the American People and the federal gov’t
- The Last New Deal
Vocabulary
- Bargain Collectively
- negotiations between an employer and a group of employees so as to determine the conditions of employment.
- negotiations between an employer and a group of employees so as to determine the conditions of employment.
- Buy on margin
- Like a loan, it is the down payment
- Like a loan, it is the down payment
- Deficit Spending
- Spending money in the economy when you do not have it to spend. Puts you in debt
- Spending money in the economy when you do not have it to spend. Puts you in debt
- Demagogue
- political leader who would say things to people that would win their vote
- political leader who would say things to people that would win their vote
- Dust Bowl
- Drought in states including Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado and Kansas
- Drought in states including Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado and Kansas
- Hawley-Smoot Tariff
- Tariff that was meant to protect the American businesses but caused less goods to be sold overseas
- Tariff that was meant to protect the American businesses but caused less goods to be sold overseas
- Hooverville
- a small town that was built by mostly unemployed people during the Depression
- a small town that was built by mostly unemployed people during the Depression
- Hunger Marches
- walking from places with unemployment to protest
- walking from places with unemployment to protest
- New deal
- Series of programs, AAA, CCC provided jobs for young men like building railroads and all that, TVA provides electricity to the south, Social security
- Series of programs, AAA, CCC provided jobs for young men like building railroads and all that, TVA provides electricity to the south, Social security
- recession
- economic decline
- economic decline
- Sit-Down strike
- strike where people sit in their workplace but do not work. they do this to hurt the company so no one can work
- strike where people sit in their workplace but do not work. they do this to hurt the company so no one can work
- speculation
- thinking about what will happen with the stock market, predicting to make large profit
- thinking about what will happen with the stock market, predicting to make large profit
People
- Father Charles Coughlin
- Wanted to inflate the currency and nationalize (gov’t ownership) the banking system.
- He had about 30 million followers
- he was openly racist towards jews and supported the uprising of Hitler and Mussolini
- In 1942, the Roman Catholic Church imposed silence on him
- Wanted to inflate the currency and nationalize (gov’t ownership) the banking system.
- Herbert Hoover
- President during the depression
- President during the depression
- Dorothea Lange
- popular photojournalist
- popular photojournalist
- Huey Long
- (Senator from Louisiana)
- He appealed to the working class
- he wanted to confiscate any income over 1 million and inheritance over $5 million, then redistribute where every family is assured a “Homestead allowance” of $5,000 and an annual income of $2,000
- He was assassinated in 1935
- He appealed to the working class
- (Senator from Louisiana)
- General Douglas MacArthur
- Ordered people to burn down hoovervilles
- Ordered people to burn down hoovervilles
- Groucho Marx
- always had cigar, movie star
- always had cigar, movie star
- Eleanor Roosevelt
- Franklin D Roosevelt
- John Steinbeck
- Famous author
- Famous author
Multiple Choice
- Know the causes of the Great Depression
- Low Interest Rates - Companies borrowing and expanding too much
- Overproduction - Companies made too many goods
- Uneven distribution of wealth - Not everyone could afford consumer goods
- High Tariffs - High Tariffs restricted foreign demand for american goods
- Falling Demand - With too many goods unsold, production was cut off and employees were cut off
- Stock Market Speculation - Low interest rates encouraged borrowing money to speculate, endangering bank solvency.
- Low Interest Rates - Companies borrowing and expanding too much
- Why didn't Pres. Hoover respond aggressively to the Great Depression?
- Why did Americans vote Hoover out of office in 1932?
- He wasn’t doing much about the depression
- He wasn’t doing much about the depression
- The 1932 presidential election was considered a turning point for how Americans viewed what?
- the responsibilities of the federal government
- the responsibilities of the federal government
- What was the role of the Second New Deal?
- Replace new deal after 1st was denied
- Replace new deal after 1st was denied
- What did Eleanor Roosevelt do that was out of the ordinary for a First lady?
- Why did Republicans criticize the New Deal?
- It was the same as the First New Deal, just reworded and renamed. Unconstitutional
- It was the same as the First New Deal, just reworded and renamed. Unconstitutional
- Know the events and results of the Bonus Army.
- Want their money NOWOWOWOWOW
- They marched on Washington DC and asked for their money peacefully, but were denied
- Most veterans went home, but about a thousand stayed
- Hoover called in US troops, headed by General MacArthur
- They were forced out with tanks, bayonets, and tear gas
- They did not receive their money
- Want their money NOWOWOWOWOW
- What is the responsibility of the federal government when justifying the Social Security Act?
- In the 1920’s, how did most Americans generally feel about the economy?
- It wasn’t doing well
- It wasn’t doing well
- In the 1920’s, what was a sign (or indicator) that the economy was weakening
- uneven distribution of national wealth
- uneven distribution of national wealth
- On what date did the stock market crash?
- Oct 29, 1929
- Oct 29, 1929
- Why did FDR want to add Supreme Court justices?
- He wanted added more so he would have people supporting him
- He wanted added more so he would have people supporting him
- Why did Eleanor Roosevelt limit her press conferences to women?
- She wanted
- She wanted
- In the 1930’s, what major environmental crisis occurred?
- The Dust Bowl
- The Dust Bowl
- What was the cause of farmers losing their crops during the Great Depression, in the Great Plains?
- The Dust Bowl.
- The Dust Bowl.
- Why did Americans turn to popular forms of entertainment during the 1930’s
- to get their mind off the bad times such as the dust bowl
- to get their mind off the bad times such as the dust bowl
- What was the first issue that FDR addressed after he took office?
- What were the 6 main causes of the Great Depression?
- List the 6 main causes of the Great Depression
- Low Interest Rates - Companies borrowing and expanding too much
- Overproduction - Companies made too many goods
- Uneven distribution of wealth - Not everyone could afford consumer goods
- High Tariffs - High Tariffs restricted foreign demand for american goods
- Falling Demand - With too many goods unsold, production was cut off and employees were cut off
- Stock Market Speculation - Low interest rates encouraged borrowing money to speculate, endangering bank solvency.
- Low Interest Rates - Companies borrowing and expanding too much
- Which of the 6 causes do you feel was the greatest contributor to the Great Depression? And why?(Give examples and Is strictly graded off of reasoning)
- List the 6 main causes of the Great Depression
Chapter 20: A World in Flames (pg.542-559)
Lesson 1: The Origins of World War II
Lesson 1 : Wartime America
Lesson 1: The Origins of World War II
- The Rise of Dictators
- Setting the Scene
- During the 1920’s and 1930’s, Totalitarianism rose in Germany, Italy, and Russia
- complete control of all aspects of life
- complete control of all aspects of life
- Germany’s and Italy’s governments supported Fascism
- A political system headed by a dictator and emphasizes the nation is more important than the individual
- No individual rights
- A political system headed by a dictator and emphasizes the nation is more important than the individual
- During the 1920’s and 1930’s, Totalitarianism rose in Germany, Italy, and Russia
- Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
- In 1919, Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist movement
- In 1922, Mussolini came to power, a fascist takeover
- He was mad that italy was left of receiving more land and benefits from WW1
- He used terror to have people support him (the “blackshits”)
- He was mad that italy was left of receiving more land and benefits from WW1
- Established a totalitarian dictatorship
- made some improvements to the country which gained support of the people
- made some improvements to the country which gained support of the people
- In 1919, Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist movement
- Stalin Takes Over the Soviet Union
- In 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power after Lenin died
- Stalin’s Economic Plan
- From 1928 to 1940, steel production increased and wages dropped 43%
- The gov’t took over all the farms(collectives)
- Very negative effect; production feel and created food shortages
- Those who opposed usually were starved to death
- between 1932 to 1933, about 10 million peasants died due to famine
- Very negative effect; production feel and created food shortages
- From 1928 to 1940, steel production increased and wages dropped 43%
- In 1934, the Great Purge began in Russia, by Stalin
- Removed anyone who was a threat
- Removed anyone who was a threat
- By 1939, over 7 million Russians had been arrested
- A million were executed, millions more were sent to forced labor camps
- Almost all were innocent
- A million were executed, millions more were sent to forced labor camps
- Under Stalin’s rule, between 15 to 20 million people died
- In 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power after Lenin died
- Hitler and Nazi Germany
- in 1919, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi Party)
- They rejected the Treaty of Versailles and wanted to expand germany’s territory
- they were anti-semitic (hatred toward the Jewish population)
- They rejected the Treaty of Versailles and wanted to expand germany’s territory
- Hitler was a powerful speaker and rose to power within the party
- In 1923, he was arrested for trying to overthrow the gov’t
- the Nazi Party was banned for awhile and Hitler was Jailed for 9 months out of 5 years
- the Nazi Party was banned for awhile and Hitler was Jailed for 9 months out of 5 years
- HItler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in jail
- Blamed anyone who was not of the Aryan or Germanic race (the “master race”: Blonde hair and Blue eyes) for the problems of Germany, Especially the Jews
- Blamed anyone who was not of the Aryan or Germanic race (the “master race”: Blonde hair and Blue eyes) for the problems of Germany, Especially the Jews
- In 1932, the Nazi Party became the largest party in the Reichstag
- the lower house of the German parliament
- the lower house of the German parliament
- In 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg made Hitler the head of the German gov’t.
- Convinced von Hindenburg to stop civil rights
- Convinced von Hindenburg to stop civil rights
- in 1919, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi Party)
- Militarists Control Japan
- During the 1920’s and 30’s, Japan suffered poor economic conditions
- Military leaders blamed problems on corrupt politicians
- Military leaders blamed problems on corrupt politicians
- Military leaders felt seizing land was the only way to meet their needs: Resources and land for a growing population
- in Sept. 1931, Japan Invaded Manchuria (northern China)
- Abundant resources and poorly guarded, took it over in a few months.
- A year later, renamed it “Manchukuo”and set up a puppet government
- Nothing was done by foreign nations
- Abundant resources and poorly guarded, took it over in a few months.
- In 1937, Japan attacked China and took the cities of Nanking, Beijing, and Shanghai
- In Nanking, about 300,000 residents were killed and destroyed the city.
- In Nanking, about 300,000 residents were killed and destroyed the city.
- The leaders’ of Japan were Emperor Hirohito and Prime Minister Tojo
- During the 1920’s and 30’s, Japan suffered poor economic conditions
- Setting the Scene
- World War II Begins
- The Australian Anschluss(unification)
- In March 1938, Hitler sent troops into Austria and made it part of Germany
- Austria was a German speaking country
- Austria was a German speaking country
- In March 1938, Hitler sent troops into Austria and made it part of Germany
- The Munich Crisis
- Mid 1938, Germany claimed the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
- Sept. 29, 1938 at the Munich Conference, Hitler signed the Munich Pact with great Britain and France
- Appeasement = Giving into demands to keep peace
- Neville Chamberlain(G. B. Prime minister) Thought this meant “Peace for our time”
- Appeasement = Giving into demands to keep peace
- Mid 1938, Germany claimed the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
- Hitler Demands Danzig
- Oct. 1938 Hitler Demanded Danzig(Poland) to be part of Germany
- over 90% German population
- over 90% German population
- Britain and France promised to support Poland if Germany invaded
- Oct. 1938 Hitler Demanded Danzig(Poland) to be part of Germany
- The Nazi soviet Pact
- August 23, 1939: Germany signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union
- This protected Germany’s border to the east
- Agreed to split Poland
- This protected Germany’s border to the east
- August 23, 1939: Germany signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union
- The Invasion of Poland and the Fall of France
- Sept. 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland
- Sept. 3, 1939: England and France declared war on Germany
- World War II officially began
- World War II officially began
- Germany introduced a new Military tactic called Blitzkrieg (a lightning war)
- An air and land attack that surprises the other side
- An air and land attack that surprises the other side
- Poland was overtaken within a month (oct. 5)
- April 9, 1940: Germany attacked Denmark and Norway
- May 10, 1940: Germany attacked Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg
- In mid-May, Germany went into france around the Maginot Line
- A line of defense from Belgium to Switzerland, along the German border
- A line of defense from Belgium to Switzerland, along the German border
- Sept. 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland
- The Miracle at Dunkirk (late May 1940 to early June)
- British and French troops had retreated to Dunkirk, in northern France
- over a 9 day period, about 900 boats rescued the 338,000 troops from german advance and Luftwaffe attacks
- the German air force
- the German air force
- over a 9 day period, about 900 boats rescued the 338,000 troops from german advance and Luftwaffe attacks
- June 22, 1940: France surrendered to Germany
- within 3 months, Germany had taken over most of western Europe
- within 3 months, Germany had taken over most of western Europe
- France was divided
- Vichy France (southern) - Cooperated with Germany
- Free France (a gov’t in exile) - Supported the Resistance
- French citizens who disrupted German activities in France
- French citizens who disrupted German activities in France
- Vichy France (southern) - Cooperated with Germany
- British and French troops had retreated to Dunkirk, in northern France
- Britain Remains Defiant
- the Battle of Britain(Sept. 1940 to May 1941 8 months)
- Germany’s relentless bombing on London and other parts of England
- up to 1,000 planes a day (included firebombs)
- Germany’s relentless bombing on London and other parts of England
- the Royal Air Force was outnumbered, but better trained that the luftwaffe
- Germany had to attack at night; blackouts
- radar gave the British an advantage
- Germany had to attack at night; blackouts
- 20,000 Londoners were killed and about 73,000 injured
- Hitler cancelled a planned invasion of Britain
- the Battle of Britain(Sept. 1940 to May 1941 8 months)
- The Australian Anschluss(unification)
- American Neutrality
- Legislating Neutrality
- in the 1930’s, there was growing support by Americans for isolationism
- In the mid-1930s, Congress passed the Neutrality Acts
- Didn’t allow the sale of weapons to warring countries
- no loans to warring countries
- no US citizens could travel on shops of warring countries
- “Cash and Carry” policy for nonmilitary goods
- Didn’t allow the sale of weapons to warring countries
- Acts in response to :
- Italy invaded ethiopia (took 5 months)
- the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939)
- A war between the Nationalist (Francisco Franco) and republicans
- Nationalist supported by Germany and Italy
- Republicans supported by the Societ Union and 40,000 foreign fighters
- March 1939, Franco gained control until his death in 1975
- A war between the Nationalist (Francisco Franco) and republicans
- the Axis Powers form (germany, italy and Japan)
- Italy invaded ethiopia (took 5 months)
- in the 1930’s, there was growing support by Americans for isolationism
- Roosevelt’s Internationalism
- FDR supported internationalism opposed to neutrality
- belief that trade between nations will help prevent war.
- belief that trade between nations will help prevent war.
- FDR believed neutrality could bring the US into the war
- FDR supported internationalism opposed to neutrality
- Legislating Neutrality
- Neutrality Tested
- Introduction: The Destroyers Deal (Sept. 3, 1940)
- gave Britain 50 overaged destroyers
- US received naval and air bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda and Guyana
- gave Britain 50 overaged destroyers
- The lend-Lease Act
- Winston Churchill told FDR that England was almost bankrupt
- Lend-Lease Act (march 1941)
- gave the president the right to sell, lend or lease military supplies to any country fighting the Axis Powers
- By the end of the war, $49 billion in aid to 40 nations
- gave the president the right to sell, lend or lease military supplies to any country fighting the Axis Powers
- Winston Churchill told FDR that England was almost bankrupt
- The Atlantic Charter
- Meeting between FDR and Churchill to set goals for a post-war world
- Countries have the right to set up their own gov’t, free from fear of aggression
- Meeting between FDR and Churchill to set goals for a post-war world
- Introduction: The Destroyers Deal (Sept. 3, 1940)
- Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
- America Embargoes Japan
- By July 1941, Japan took over French Indochina (Vietnam)
- the US responded by freezing Japanese financial assets and cut off trade with japan
- Gen. Macarthur was sent to the Philippines
- the US responded by freezing Japanese financial assets and cut off trade with japan
- Japan decided to attack the US Pacific fleet so they could attack in southeast Asia to gain resources
- By July 1941, Japan took over French Indochina (Vietnam)
- Surprise Attack
- Dec. 7, 1941: Japan attacked Pearl Harbor(Hawaii) around 8:00 am on a Sunday morning
- over in less that 2 hours
- Results:
- 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 injured.
- 18 warships and over 180 warplanes were destroyed or damaged
- 180 Japanese planes attacked and they lost only 29
- 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 injured.
- Dec. 8, 1941: The US declares war on Japan
- Dec. 7, 1941: Japan attacked Pearl Harbor(Hawaii) around 8:00 am on a Sunday morning
- Germany Declares War
- Dec. 11, 1941: Germany and Italy declare war on the US
- Hitler thought the US would concentrate on Japan
- he was wrong
- he was wrong
- Dec. 11, 1941: Germany and Italy declare war on the US
- America Embargoes Japan
- Nazi Persecution of the Jews
- Introduction: Persecution in Germany
- Anti-Semitism is the discrimination or hostility, often violent, directed at jews.
- Approximately 12 million people were exterminated
- 6 million jews (2/3 of the Jewish population in Europe)
- 6 million others (slaves, gypsies, communists, homosexuals, and others)
- 6 million jews (2/3 of the Jewish population in Europe)
- Anti-Semitism is the discrimination or hostility, often violent, directed at jews.
- The Nuremberg Laws (sept. 1935)
- Nuremberg laws - took Jews German citizenship away and disallowed marriages with non-Jews
- Lost jobs, lost businesses, expelled from schools, right to vote was lost, and made to wear yellow stars marked “Jew”
- Nuremberg laws - took Jews German citizenship away and disallowed marriages with non-Jews
- Kristallnacht (“Night of the Broken Glass”)
- Nov. 9, 1938: Nazis looted and destroyed Jewish homes, 7,500 businesses and hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany and Austria.
- Many Jews were arrested and taken to concentration camps
- Nov. 9, 1938: Nazis looted and destroyed Jewish homes, 7,500 businesses and hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany and Austria.
- Jewish Refugees Try to Flee
- Between 1933 to 1939, about 250,000 Jews escaped Nazi-Germany
- Limits on Jewish Immigration
- Many countries, including the US, had quotas on immigration. Or, didn’t welcome the Jews at all
- only a few Americans wanted to raise the quota
- other Americans had anti-Semitic attitudes and didn't want them in the US
- Many countries, including the US, had quotas on immigration. Or, didn’t welcome the Jews at all
- International Response
- those who had fake or illegal visas were denied entry into other countries
- those who had fake or illegal visas were denied entry into other countries
- The St. Louis Affair
- In May 1939, the SS St Louis took 930 jewish refugees to Cuba, but were denied entry
- The ship went back to various European countries to drop off the refugees.
- Many of these refugees ended up in concentration camps.
- In May 1939, the SS St Louis took 930 jewish refugees to Cuba, but were denied entry
- Between 1933 to 1939, about 250,000 Jews escaped Nazi-Germany
- Introduction: Persecution in Germany
- The Final Solution
- Introduction: The Wannsee Conference
- In Jan. 1942, the Wannsee Conference was held by German officials
- decided to exterminate all European Jews (genocide)
- the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squad) went to other cities and countries and murdered members of the upper class, intellectuals, priests and Jews.
- In Jan. 1942, the Wannsee Conference was held by German officials
- Concentration Camps
- designed for the mass murder of Jews and other prisoners
- Prisoners were used for slave labor, medical experiments and other ways of torture
- they were starved, beaten shot and gassed to death
- they were starved, beaten shot and gassed to death
- Nazis tried to hide the bodies in mass graves and through cremation
- designed for the mass murder of Jews and other prisoners
- Extermination Camps
- there were over 300 camps, some were designed to kill and get rid of the bodies
- Example : Auschwitz, about 1.6 million were killed
- Example : Auschwitz, about 1.6 million were killed
- There were attempts to resist Nazi control, but they never lasted long (warsaw Ghetto Revolt lasted 27 days)
- those who tried to escape were killed
- Thousands died on death marches from camp to camp to stay ahead of advancing Allied troops
- the world was unaware of the camps until the war was over
- there were over 300 camps, some were designed to kill and get rid of the bodies
- Introduction: The Wannsee Conference
Lesson 1 : Wartime America
- Building the Military
- You're in the Army Now
- Selective Training and Service Act
- first peacetime draft; men ages 21 to 36
- over 1 million men drafted for 1 year each
- first peacetime draft; men ages 21 to 36
- in 1941, there were 1.8 million men in the armed forces, by the end of the war nearly 16 million Americans would serce
- Selective Training and Service Act
- A Segregated Military
- Pushing for “Double V”
- an African American newspaper (the Pittsburgh Courier) started a “Double V” Campaign
- victory against the Axis Powers (hitler's racism) and racism in the US
- victory against the Axis Powers (hitler's racism) and racism in the US
- an African American newspaper (the Pittsburgh Courier) started a “Double V” Campaign
- African Americans in Combat
- nearly 1 million African Americans served
- at first, were only allowed to do support roles
- segregated units until the end of the war.
- the Tuskegee Airmen were the first black flying unit in US military history
- nearly 1 million African Americans served
- Other Minorities in the Military
- Japanese Americans
- in 1943, the armed forces started to accept japanese americans
- over 20,000 joined the armed forces
- about 1,200 volunteered from the camps
- about 1,200 volunteered from the camps
- most were Nisei, born in America and their parents were born in Japan
- the 442nd Regiment (all-Japanese Amer.) were the most decorated unit for bravery in US history
- in 1943, the armed forces started to accept japanese americans
- Hispanic Americans
- Most decorated ethnic group
- about 500,000 served despite racial discrimination
- Most decorated ethnic group
- Native Americans
- about 25,000 Native Americans served
- the Navajos (400) developed a code using their native language which was never broken by the Axis Powers (“Code Talkers”)
- about 25,000 Native Americans served
- Jewish Americans
- about 1/2 million decorated for bravery
- about 1/2 million decorated for bravery
- Japanese Americans
- Pushing for “Double V”
- Women join the Armed Forces
- by the end of the war, around 350,000 women volunteered for military service
- WAC(army), Waves(navy), and WASPS(air force)
- by the end of the war, around 350,000 women volunteered for military service
- You're in the Army Now
- American Economy in Wartime
- Converting the Economy
- FDR believed the gov’t. and business had to work together
- the gov’t. established the “cost-plus” system, for military contracts
- Guaranteed the business a profit
- convinced many businesses to convert to war material
- Guaranteed the business a profit
- FDR believed the gov’t. and business had to work together
- American Industry Gets the Job Done
- by summer of 1942, almost all major industries and about 200,000 businesses converted to war production
- by summer of 1942, almost all major industries and about 200,000 businesses converted to war production
- Converting the Economy